Intracavernosal botulinum toxin type A in refractory erectile dysfunction: umbrella review with GRADE certainty assessment and corrected covered area analysis

Background

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent and burdensome condition. Intracavernosal botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been investigated as an alternative for refractory patients to standard therapies; however, the methodological quality and degree of primary study overlap across published systematic reviews remain uncharacterized.

Objectives

To synthesize evidence on the efficacy and safety of intracavernosal BoNT-A for ED, and to evaluate methodological quality, risk of bias, primary study overlap, and certainty of evidence.

Methods