Ginger and rheumatoid arthritis: A review of anti-inflammatory and gut microbiome-modulating mechanisms towards a dual therapeutic model

Background

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a long-term, autoimmune, and inflammatory disorder that results in progressive joint destruction and functional disability of joint tissue as well as potential systemic side effects. Because of this, the limitations of current treatments, including the side effects of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologic agents, highlight the need to explore complementary therapies for treatment beyond the effects of these currently available agents. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) contains bioactive phenolic compounds, such as gingerol and shogaols, that contribute to a reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress, and may be effective in the management of RA.