Frontiers in molecular biosciences
Macrophage reprogramming by the ultraviolet filter benzophenone-1 promotes malignant phenotypes in breast cancer cells: integrated computational and experimental evidence
By He B, Ding L, Yang X and 2 others.
Abstract
Background
Benzophenone-1 (BP-1) is a benzophenone ultraviolet absorber used in cosmetic and personal care products. Although BP-1 exhibits estrogenic activity, its broader effects in breast cancer remain unclear. This study investigated the molecular and cellular responses associated with BP-1 exposure.
Methods
Integrated computational analyses were used to identify core targets and determine their cellular distribution. Molecular modeling evaluated BP-1-target binding. Macrophage polarization and secretion were assessed by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting. The effects of macrophage-conditioned medium on breast cancer cells were examined using proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition assays.