Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association
Effects of Walnut Consumption on Inflammatory Cytokines and Adipokines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
By Mashayekhi G, Ashtary-Larky D, Karimi M and 7 others.
Abstract
Background
Inflammation and dysregulation of adipokines play key roles in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Walnuts (Juglans regia L.), rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants, may modulate inflammatory and metabolic pathways; however, evidence from interventional studies remains inconsistent. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of walnut consumption on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in adults.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases through July 2026 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of walnut intake on C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adiponectin, and leptin. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled. Subgroup, sensitivity, and non-linear dose-response analyses were performed.