Is resistance training effective to increase BDNF in multiple sclerosis? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of isolated interventions

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key mediator of neuroplasticity and has been associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). While aerobic exercise is consistently linked to BDNF modulation, the specific contribution of isolated resistance training (RT) remains unclear, as previous reviews have largely combined multimodal exercise interventions.

To systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of isolated RT on peripheral BDNF levels in individuals with MS (PROSPERO: CRD420251141069).

Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, PEDro and Cochrane up to January 10, 2026, using PICOT criteria. Controlled experimental studies investigating isolated RT and BDNF outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Due to methodological heterogeneity, a random-effects model was applied to estimate pooled effects.