Research Progress on Seneca Valley Virus Infection in Swine: A Review

Seneca Valley virus (SVV), also referred to as Senecavirus A (SVA), is an emerging pathogen within the Picornaviridae family. Since its initial identification, SVV has been implicated in the onset of porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) across several prominent pig-producing nations globally. Due to the clinical manifestations of SVV being challenging to differentiate from those of significant animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), it poses considerable economic burdens and biosecurity challenges to the swine industry. This review endeavors to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of research on SVV, systematically detailing its virological characteristics, molecular biology, global epidemiology, and evolutionary dynamics. The focus is placed on elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms in swine and the intricate molecular networks that govern its interactions with the host. Particular attention is given to the strategies employed by viral proteins to counteract host innate immune responses and to modulate autophagy, apoptosis, and other critical signaling pathways. Furthermore, we consolidate the existing diagnostic technologies and advancements in vaccine development, and we explore prospective research directions, aiming to furnish a reference for the clinical prevention and control of SVV.