Frontiers in pharmacology
Phytogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles in breast cancer therapy: an ethnopharmacological perspective on multi-targeted mechanistic pathways and translational constraints
By Soman Pillai D, Narve Venkatesha R, Karavettekudy Ranjit A and 1 others.
Abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide as of 2026. While conventional interventions face challenges like drug resistance and systemic toxicity, the integration of green nanotechnology with ethnopharmacology offers a biocompatible, sustainable alternative. This review assesses the mechanistic pathways and therapeutic potential of phytogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized using bioactive secondary metabolites.
Methods
This review combines findings from nine recent studies exploring biogenic ZnO NPs derived from diverse biological sources, including Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). We critically analysed the characterization parameters, synthesis methods and pharmacological efficacy across 3D architectural spheroids, 2D monolayer cultures, and select in vivo models.