Fungal biology and biotechnology
Antifungal resistance landscapes in major fungal pathogens in Zhejiang, China
By Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang N and 11 others.
Abstract
Background
Invasive fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and other pathogenic fungi represent a major global health threat, with treatment increasingly complicated by the emergence of antifungal drug resistance. Azole antifungals serve as the first-line therapy for aspergillosis, but resistance rates vary substantially across geographical regions. This study aimed to characterize the antifungal resistance landscape among clinical fungal isolates from Hangzhou and Yiwu cities in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus.
Results
We analyzed 110 Aspergillus clinical isolates for antifungal susceptibility. Among A. fumigatus strains, 8.6% exhibited azole resistance, with half of these harboring the tandem repeat mutation TR34/L98H in the cyp51A gene. One resistant strain carried the TR46/Y121F/T289A mutation combination. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing revealed that 8.6% of A. fumigatus isolates were resistant to amphotericin B We identified one resistant isolate without known resistance mutations and characterized it through whole-genome sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. Novel mutations S437F in cyp51A and P298T in hmg1 were discovered; however, functional validation using CRISPR-Cas9 demonstrated these mutations do not directly confer resistance. Instead, transcriptomic profiling revealed significant upregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis pathway genes and efflux transporter genes, suggesting alternative resistance mechanisms. Among non-A. fumigatus species, all A. niger isolates displayed resistance to itraconazole and posaconazole.