PloS one
Combined transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and low-level laser photobiomodulation for postoperative pain after cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial
By de Holanda Araújo Sena AMP, Nogueira IDB, Sena KRR and 2 others.
Abstract
Introduction
Postoperative pain after cesarean section may delay recovery and impair function. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and low-level laser photobiomodulation (PBM) are used for pain control, but the additional effect of combining these therapies remains unclear. This study investigated this effect.
Methods
A randomized clinical trial with four groups: combined TENS + low-level laser photobiomodulation (PBM), TENS alone, placebo, and control. Assessments were performed at 8-12 h (t1), 20-24 h (t2), and 44-48 h postpartum (t3). Outcomes included pain intensity, functional independence, functional capacity assessed by the Two-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), and cardiorespiratory variables. Two intervention sessions were applied after t1 and t2, except in the control group. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and nonparametric equivalents when appropriate. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.