European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry
Impact of exposure to environmental chemicals on the occurrence of molar incisor hypomineralisation and developmental enamel defects in children: a systematic review
By Shanmugam I, Sayee Srinivasan S, Mahalingam A and 2 others.
Abstract
Purpose
Children are particularly susceptible to environmental toxins because of their immature metabolic and detoxification systems. Disturbances during enamel formation may result in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) and developmental defects of enamel (DDE). This systematic review evaluated the association between exposure to environmental pollutants and the occurrence of MIH and DDE in children.
Methods
The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251149569). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Ovid, EBSCO Host, and Web of Science identified observational studies published up to 2025.