PloS one
Developing a systems-based programme theory for reducing night-time interactive electronic device use and improving sleep among adolescents
By Rigby BP, Martin A, Shore CB and 7 others.
Abstract
Background
Adolescent night-time use of interactive electronic devices (IEDs) is increasingly linked to poor sleep, mental health challenges, and reduced academic performance. However, existing interventions often overlook the complex systems shaping these behaviours. This study presents a first-of-its-kind systems-based programme theory for CLOCK OFF - a peer influence intervention aimed at reducing night-time IED use and improving adolescent sleep - created through novel participatory mapping activities and analyses, which involved adolescents, parents and teachers.
Methods
We conducted five online participatory workshops with adolescents (aged 11-14 years), parents, and teachers across four United Kingdom schools, supported by desk-based research. Workshop activities were facilitated using StickyStudio software. Causal loop diagramming was used to identify system components and feedback loops influencing adolescent IED use and sleep. Causal loop diagrams (CLDs) were iteratively built using Kumu software, refined and validated through stakeholder input and network analysis. The final CLD informed the development of a systems-based programme theory.