Stem Cell and EV/sEV Strategies for Neuroimmune Niche Reprogramming in Selected CNS Disorders: Mechanisms, Engineered Delivery, and Translational Readiness

Background

Aging has traditionally been interpreted through the accumulation of oxidative damage. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) also act as regulated signals that support immune activation, metabolic adaptation, stress resistance, inflammatory resolution, and cell-fate decisions. We define redox signaling fidelity as the accuracy with which a specified physiological input is converted into a source-specific, spatially confined, temporally patterned, chemically reversible, proportionately decoded, and appropriately resolved redox response.