Frontiers in psychology
Dense connectivity in networks of red-flag language milestones among high screen-time children
By Ruiz-Ruano García AM, Flensborg-Madsen T and López Puga J.
Abstract
Introduction
Screen time may influence language development during early childhood, although its effects may vary depending on contextual factors. While screen use can support development when guided by adults, excessive exposure has been associated with less favorable language outcomes.
Methods
Data from 16,914 children (51% girls, 78% White; M = 3.03 years, SD = 1.37) were obtained from the 2023 National Survey of Children's Health. Networks of red-flag language milestones were estimated separately for children aged 1-2 and 3-5 years. Participants were classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) screen-time recommendations (<1 h/day vs. ≥1 h/day).