Acceptability and Feasibility of an Islamic Faith-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention Delivered via WhatsApp for Muslim Smokers in Saudi Arabia: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Smoking is common in Saudi Arabia, particularly among men. Religion plays a protective role against smoking and serves as a motivator for quitting. Faith-based interventions have shown positive effects in supporting smoking cessation among Muslims who smoke; however, few studies have tested their acceptability when delivered via mobile phone messaging.

The aim of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability, as well as the preliminary effectiveness of an Islamic-based smoking cessation intervention delivered via WhatsApp messaging in Saudi Arabia.

This study was a 2-arm randomized controlled trial involving adult Muslim smokers who used cigarettes, waterpipe, or both. Participants were recruited from the Kafa organization antismoking clinic in Saudi Arabia. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention or control group. The intervention messages were codeveloped with religious leaders and informed by formative research with Muslim current and former smokers. The intervention group received both religious and smoking-related health messages, whereas the control group received smoking-related health messages only. The messages were manually delivered daily by trained research assistants. The intervention lasted for 21 days, during which participants received 2 messages per day, one in the morning and one in the evening. The primary outcomes were the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention.