Sobrepeso y obesidad materna como factores de riesgo independientes para el desarrollo de preeclampsia: revisión sistemática

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18.0405 Abstract Introduction: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, and maternal excess weight is a potentially modifiable risk factor. The aim was to evaluate maternal overweight and obesity as independent risk factors for preeclampsia and to analyze gestational weight gain according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Methodology: Systematic review with narrative synthesis, following PRISMA 2020, in PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS (2021–2026); quality was appraised with CASP and JBI tools.

Results

Of 1068 records, 28 studies were included (five meta-analyses and 23 primary studies), of high quality in 11, moderate in 14 and low in three. Compared with normal weight, meta-analyses estimated ORs of 1.70 to 2.15 for overweight and 2.82 to 3.89 for obesity, with a dose-response gradient. The association persisted after adjustment for confounders (adjusted ORs 2.15 to 4.34) and in Mendelian randomization (OR 1.47 per standard deviation of BMI). Weight gain above recommendations increased the risk (OR 1.85), with lower rate thresholds as BMI increased (0.54, 0.38 and 0.25 kg/week).