Prp and i-prf preparation techniques: Influence of processing variables on the characteristics of leukoplatelet-derived products

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) are autologous blood-derived products whose final characteristics are strongly influenced by preparation conditions. This critical literature review analyzed the influence of processing variables on PRP and i-PRF preparation, with emphasis on centrifugation strategy, relative centrifugal force (RCF), processing time, rotor geometry, anticoagulant use, collection systems, tube characteristics, fraction recovery, and cellular and structural composition. The analyzed evidence demonstrated that single- and double-spin PRP protocols generate quantitatively distinct products, particularly regarding platelet concentration and yield and leukocyte content. For PRF-based preparations, experimental combinations of RCF and centrifugation time modified cellular recovery and distribution and the volume of the resulting fractions, while rotor geometry was also associated with differences in platelet and leukocyte distribution. Tube characteristics represented an additional processing variable, with silica microparticles detected in PRF matrices prepared using silica-containing plastic tubes. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that PRP and i-PRF cannot be adequately characterized by product nomenclature alone. The main scientific contribution of this review is the integration of processing, composition, and structure into a unified framework for characterizing leukoplatelet-derived products. Processing parameters should therefore be regarded as components of product identity rather than merely operational details. Detailed reporting of centrifugation conditions, equipment characteristics, anticoagulation when applicable, collection systems, fraction recovery, and final product composition is essential to improve reproducibility, protocol comparison, and interpretation of experimental and clinical findings.