Artificial intelligence and robotic surgery

The synergy of smart AI with robotic surgery is one of the greatest achievements to emerge within biomedical science and clinical practice. Within less than a decade the integration of AI in robotic surgery has progressed from simple tele-manipulation machines to rapidly advancing, ‘smart’, precise, and intelligent robots capable of instant image interpretation, predictive deduction, automatic suturing, and real-time surgical navigation. Forty-five papers from scientific journals (2015-2025) were systematically gathered, read, and summarized, based upon the progression of development time, technological approach, multidisciplinary and applied nature, reported outcomes and results, surgical training and education, peer reviews and appraisals, and predictions concerning the future ethical implications of intelligent robotic surgery. Results indicated that, of those that were analysed, the integrated intelligent AI robotic surgery reported up to a 25-40% greater degree of accuracy, 25-30% fewer complications during surgery, and 15-20% more rapid post-operative recuperation in patients compared with the group undergoing standard surgery. The current market share held by popular robotic surgical systems including da Vinci, MAKO, Versius and Hugo RAS are reviewed, however cost, algorithmic racial and gender bias, government regulations and liabilities, and the digital gap continue to present major obstacles. In conclusion, although robotic surgery is advancing beyond human hand-eye coordination more rapidly than previously assumed, and an impending array of new and innovative benefits that will enable more secure and readily available operations, are indisputably en route.