Complications of Excessive Blood Loss and Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Review of Maternal Morbidity, Mortality and Clinical Management

A significant obstetric emergency and a substantial contributor to avoidable maternal morbidity and mortality globally is postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Hypovolemic shock, severe anaemia, coagulation abnormalities, acute renal injury, respiratory problems, pituitary dysfunction, and even death can result from excessive blood loss after childbirth. The effects go beyond the first few days after giving birth; they have an impact on the mother's recuperation, nursing, mental health, and overall quality of life. Even relatively small blood loss might cause serious difficulties for women with pre-existing anaemia, delayed access to emergency obstetric care, or insufficient physiological reserves. The main consequences of excessive blood loss and PPH are examined in this narrative overview, together with the risk factors that are linked to them, the mechanisms that underlie their development, and preventative and management strategies. Research suggests that decreasing bad outcomes requires early detection, objective measurement of blood loss, regular monitoring of maternal vital signs, and timely application of evidence-based treatment. In resource-constrained situations, such as Nigeria, where delays in recognition, referral, and access to blood transfusion may exacerbate outcomes, the review also emphasises the importance of prompt obstetric care. Reducing avoidable maternal mortality requires strengthening maternity services through staff training, efficient haemorrhage protocols, sufficient blood supply, and thorough postnatal follow-up.