HSR
Early risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome: Clinical indicators and approaches to preventing adverse outcomes
By Gulnoza Aloyevna Tashmatova and Worldly Knowledge Publishing Centre.
Abstract
Background
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in coronary revascularization and pharmacological treatment, patients remain at risk of serious complications, including acute heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and death. Early identification of high-risk patients is therefore essential for optimizing clinical management.
Objective
To review the major clinical, electrocardiographic, laboratory, and echocardiographic indicators associated with adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome and to describe their role in early risk stratification. Materials and Methods: A narrative review approach was used to organize evidence concerning clinical assessment, cardiovascular biomarkers, electrocardiographic abnormalities, left ventricular function, and validated prognostic scoring systems. Particular attention was given to contemporary recommendations for the management of ACS. Results and Discussion: Advanced age, hypotension, tachycardia, delayed presentation, signs of heart failure, elevated cardiac troponin concentrations, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction are important indicators of an unfavorable prognosis. Electrocardiographic changes and the extent of coronary artery disease provide additional information regarding myocardial injury and the likelihood of complications. The GRACE risk score is a validated tool for estimating mortality risk, while echocardiography helps identify ventricular dysfunction and mechanical complications. Combining these parameters provides a more comprehensive assessment than relying on a single clinical or laboratory marker.