Pathophysiological Aspects of Anaphylactic Shock and Emergency Treatment Strategies in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

Anaphylactic shock is a rapidly developing and life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical intervention in anesthesiology and intensive care practice. This article reviews the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of anaphylactic shock, including immunological responses, hemodynamic disturbances, and clinical manifestations. The processes of vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchospasm, and tissue hypoperfusion caused by the release of biologically active mediators from mast cells and basophils are discussed. Particular attention is given to early diagnosis, continuous patient monitoring, and evidence-based emergency treatment strategies. The role of epinephrine as the first-line medication, along with fluid resuscitation, oxygen therapy, and adjunctive pharmacological agents, is highlighted. Timely recognition and prompt management of anaphylactic shock are essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality.