Induction of Hyperglycemia in Laboratory Models by Administration of Epinephrine and Glucagon

Hyperglycemia, defined as an elevation in blood glucose concentration above the normal physiological range, results from an imbalance between endogenous glucose production and peripheral glucose utilization. Although persistent hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus, transient hyperglycemia also occurs under physiological conditions such as fasting, exercise, trauma, surgery, and emotional stress due to the release of counter-regulatory hormones. Experimental induction of transient hyperglycemia using these hormones has become an important tool in biomedical research because it enables the investigation of glucose homeostasis without causing irreversible pancreatic β-cell damage (Hall & Hall, 2021).