Constipation: An Integrated Review of Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis and Evidence-Based Management

Constipation is a common gastrointestinal symptom complex characterized by difficult, infrequent or incomplete evacuation and hard stool consistency. Bowel frequency varies among healthy individuals; therefore, assessment should consider stool form, straining, blockage and incomplete evacuation rather than frequency alone. This review summarizes normal defecation physiology, major mechanisms and causes of constipation, clinical features, diagnostic assessment, complications and management from a B.Pharm perspective. Lifestyle and dietary measures are foundational, while laxatives and other medicines may be appropriate when symptoms persist. Medication review, patient education and recognition of warning signs are important components of safe care.