Zenodo
Inflammatory–Metabolic–Endothelial Crosstalk in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets
By Mohammad Adnan, Bhavyadeep Verma, Kandiva Udhaya Devan and 2 others.
Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome represents a novel, integrative clinical framework endorsed by the American Heart Association in 2023, encompassing the pathophysiological convergence of metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Emerging evidence demonstrates that systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction are not merely comorbidities in this triad but represent mechanistically interlinked drivers that perpetuate organ damage through shared molecular circuits.
Objective
This comprehensive review systematically examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the inflammatory–metabolic–endothelial crosstalk in CKM syndrome, with the objective of identifying shared pathophysiological nodes that can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and pharmacological targets.