Biochemical abnormalities related to CKD–MBD and bone mineral density in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3–5: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with disturbances in mineral metabolism and skeletal health that contribute to CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD). Assessment of biochemical abnormalities and bone mineral density (BMD) may help characterize these changes in patients with advanced CKD.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the frequency of study-defined biochemical abnormalities related to CKD–MBD, evaluate BMD, and examine the relationship between mineral metabolism parameters and BMD among patients with CKD stages 3–5. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 128 adults with CKD stages 3–5 at a tertiary-care center. Clinical and demographic details were recorded. Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were assessed. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with one or more study-defined biochemical abnormalities related to CKD–MBD. This operational definition was study-specific and was not intended to represent a formal Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes diagnosis of CKD–MBD.