Journal of Molecular Pathology
Pathophysiology of Fat Embolism: Biphasic Injury Pattern, and Organ-Specific Vulnerabilities: A Systematic Review
By Pouria Chaghamirzayi, Javad Karimi Rozveh, Sevak Hatamian and 3 others.
Abstract
Background
Fat embolism is a clinically significant condition characterized by systemic fat dissemination, often leading to life-threatening complications. Traditionally associated with trauma, FE is increasingly recognized in diverse contexts, including orthopedic and aesthetic procedures. Despite extensive investigation, essential gaps remain regarding its pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and targeted treatments.
Methods
Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed experimental studies on FE published in PubMed and Embase from Jan 2000 to May 2026. Eligible studies investigated (1) models of fat embolism pathophysiology, (2) orthopedic or aesthetic procedure–related fat embolism, and (3) diagnostic or management strategies. Human studies and inaccessible full texts were excluded. Of the 3395 records identified, 100 met the inclusion criteria after duplicate removal (n = 744) and screening (n = 2651). Data extraction was conducted independently by four reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus.