Serum sLOX-1 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Across the Glycemic Spectrum: Associations with Metabolic and Microvascular Parameters in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Background/Objectives: Oxidative endothelial injury and vitamin D deficiency have independently been implicated in diabetic vascular complications, yet their distribution across the glycemic spectrum, from normoglycemia through prediabetes to established type 2 diabetes, has not been systematically characterised. This study aimed to evaluate serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels across the glycemic spectrum and to examine their associations with microvascular complications and metabolic parameters in prediabetic individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

In this prospectively recruited cross-sectional study, 80 adults were enrolled: 26 healthy controls, 27 prediabetic individuals, and 27 T2DM patients. Serum sLOX-1 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 25(OH)D3 by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Between-group comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc correction. Spearman’s rank correlation and binary logistic regression were applied to examine associations with metabolic and microvascular parameters.