International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
By Tammy Charlene Hartel, Jaron Ras, Eunice Bolanle Turawa and 2 others.
Abstract
Background
The studies on the direct and indirect effects of maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on cardiometabolic risk in offspring have been rather inconsistent. This review evaluated the associations between maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol exposure during pregnancy and cardiometabolic outcomes in infants, children, and adolescents.
Methods
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched in May 2026. Twenty-five prospective cohort studies published from 2001 onwards, investigating maternal cigarette smoking, alcohol use, or both during pregnancy, and offspring vascular or cardiometabolic outcomes, were included.