Simultaneous Occurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: The concurrent occurrence of papillary (PTC) and medullary (MTC) thyroid carcinoma within the same thyroid gland is an exceptionally rare clinical entity. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize available evidence on the clinicopathological features, diagnostic pathways, and therapeutic outcomes of patients presenting with simultaneous PTC and MTC.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. Comprehensive electronic searches across PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were performed up to January 2025. Original clinical cohorts reporting on synchronous PTC and MTC (sample size ≥10) were included, while single-case reports and small series (n < 10) were excluded. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), and a narrative synthesis was performed.