Temporal Distribution of Elevated-HbA1c Records and a Young-Adult Multiorgan Biomarker Profile in Diabetes: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background/Objectives: Diabetes-related renal, lipid, and hepatic abnormalities are clinically important, but their distribution may be heterogeneous and is not fully represented by HbA1c alone. We characterized the temporal age and sex composition of elevated-HbA1c records and, separately, the multiorgan biomarker profile of a 2022 young-adult subcohort.

Methods

This retrospective observational study analyzed 1160 patient-year records classified as having elevated HbA1c from 2019–2022. These were annual record strata rather than 1160 unique individuals or a cohort followed as participants aged. A separate cross-sectional biomarker subcohort comprised 49 adults aged 18–29 years in 2022, of whom 26 were source-classified as having elevated HbA1c. Annual age and sex distributions were assessed using chi-square tests. Biomarker abnormalities were summarized with biomarker-specific denominators and Wilson 95% confidence intervals; sex comparisons were exploratory and used Fisher’s exact tests, odds ratios, φ coefficients, and Benjamini–Hochberg false-discovery-rate correction.