Cancers
Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies
By Ziyu Wang, Nina Afshar, Allison M. Hodge and 22 others.
Abstract
Background
Processed meat and unprocessed red meat are considered carcinogenic and ‘probably carcinogenic’ to humans, respectively, but findings for bladder cancer remain inconsistent.
Objectives
We assessed associations between processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake and bladder cancer risk using data from the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer.
Methods
Associations with bladder cancer risk were assessed using individual-level data from 30 cohort studies from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Diet was assessed at enrolment using validated food frequency questionnaires or diet histories. Following a pre-specified analysis plan, study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for smoking status and duration and other potential confounders, and pooled using inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis.