General and domain-specific genetic signals shape educational outcomes in children and adults

AbstractPurpose: Individual differences in literacy and numeracy – that is, how well one can read, write, and work with numbers – emerge early in childhood and are crucial indicators of later educational success. Twin and family studies revealed substantial heritability of literacy and numeracy, and genetic overlap between these domains. Yet, it is unclear whether measured genomic variation shows a similarly overlapping or domain-specific pattern, and whether such molecular signals also predict adults’ educational attainment.

Method

In N=15,669 participants (52.7% female; Netherlands Twin Register), we predicted children’s literacy, numeracy, and academic achievement, and adults’ educational attainment from genetic predispositions. Children’s learning outcomes were assessed via teacher and parent reports and a nationwide test (age M=12.25 years). Adults reported their highest educational qualification (age M= 42.47 years). We derived polygenic scores (PGSs) for years of education, dyslexia, and reading skills to predict these outcomes.