How Does Platelet Dysfunction Affect CMD Risk Across Age, Sex, and BMI Groups: A Comprehensive Review

Introduction

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are a group of interconnected metabolic and cardiovascular disorders influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, representing a major cause of global mortality [1]. Metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia contribute to vascular complications including heart failure and hypertension [2]. Recent studies identify platelet dysfunction as a key mediator linking metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and thrombosis [3]. Platelets are anucleate fragments derived from megakaryocytes that maintain vascular integrity through hemostasis and thrombus formation [4]. Under metabolic stress conditions such as hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, platelets become aberrantly activated, exhibiting enhanced adhesion, aggregation, and cytokine secretion [3]. Due to limited data on platelet-based studies assessing CMD risk variables [5], we hypothesized that platelet activation markers would amongst males, older individuals, and those with a high BMI. This investigation therefore aims to evaluate the correlation of platelet activation markers with CMD risk across demographic groups, clarifying their role as potential early biomarkers of CMD progression.