Ultrasound-Responsive Nanoplatforms in HPV-Associated Cervical Cancer: Reprogramming the Post-Infection Microenvironment

The immunosuppressive post-infection microenvironment (PIM) shaped by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection poses a significant obstacle to the treatment of cervical cancer. In this review, PIM refers to a cervicovaginal local microenvironment initiated and established after HPV infection through complex interactions among HPV-infected keratinocytes, immune cells, host stromal components, and their derivative mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and metabolites. Ultrasound-responsive nanoplatforms, leveraging their deep penetration and spatiotemporal controllability, can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) via sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and synergize with targeted delivery and local immune modulation. This review summarizes HPV-driven immune escape, conventional nanomedicine strategies, and ultrasound-responsive platforms for reprogramming PIM in HPV-associated cervical cancer.