Effects of Walnut Consumption on Inflammatory Cytokines and Adipokines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

Background

Inflammation and dysregulation of adipokines play key roles in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Walnuts (Juglans regia L.), rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants, may modulate inflammatory and metabolic pathways; however, evidence from interventional studies remains inconsistent. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of walnut consumption on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in adults.