An interpretable LASSO-Boruta nomogram for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence after intravesical instillation

Background

Recurrence remains a major clinical challenge in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), highlighting the need for interpretable tools for individualized risk assessment. This study aimed to develop a transparent model that estimates recurrence risk in patients with NMIBC after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and intravesical instillation.