Systemic Redox Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: Comparative Evaluation of Thiol–Disulfide Homeostasis, Ischemia-Modified Albumin, and Superoxide Dismutase

Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress is implicated in diabetic retinal injury, but systemic redox biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to evaluate systemic thiol–disulfide homeostasis (TDH), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and serum and urinary superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DRP), diabetic individuals without retinopathy, and healthy controls.

Methods