Methods
Data were collected from the available professional and scientific literature, hospital monographs, online and institutional sources, and archival documentation. Because adequate published or archival records were unavailable for some events, personnel changes, and introductions of methods, the account was supplemented by written testimonies, oral professional history, and personal communications with physicians directly involved in the development of the field. The review covers the period from 2000 through September 2026. Development overview: The Croatian Society for Pediatric Nephrology, founded in 2001, connected centers and regional clinics and strengthened education, standardization, and knowledge transfer. Dialysis, transplantation care, genetic diagnostics, and treatment of complex kidney diseases advanced alongside methods without ionizing radiation. Distinct Croatian contributions during this period included the standardization of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS), development of videourodynamics with ceVUS, and research on intrarenal reflux that enabled more precise risk assessment and prompted a proposal to extend the classification of vesicoureteral reflux. Functional diagnostics, radiation-free methods, urotherapy, neuromodulation, and less invasive treatment changed the approach to urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract anomalies, and voiding disorders by integrating anatomy, function, and individual risk.
