Depressive phenotype shapes behavioral, neuroendocrine and molecular responses to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in preclinical models of depression

Introduction

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an established non-invasive treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), yet its neurobiological mechanisms remain only partially understood. We investigated whether rTMS recruits common or phenotype-specific adaptive mechanisms across depressive conditions.