Glucose-Dependent Cytotoxic Responses in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Experimental and Transcriptomic Evidence of Metabolic Context and p38 MAPK-Associated Modulation

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer exhibits substantial metabolic heterogeneity, which may influence therapeutic response. This study investigated whether thymoquinone, glabridin, and glycyrrhizic acid exhibit context-dependent cytotoxicity under glucose deprivation and hypoxia, and whether pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK modifies these responses.