Is resistance training effective to increase BDNF in multiple sclerosis? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of isolated interventions

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key mediator of neuroplasticity and has been associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). While aerobic exercise is consistently linked to BDNF modulation, the specific contribution of isolated resistance training (RT) remains unclear, as previous reviews have largely combined multimodal exercise interventions.