Process Evaluation of a Digital Smartphone Intervention (URApp) to Support Adherence to Bladder Training in Community-Based Specialist Pediatric Continence Care in England: Mixed Methods Study

Background

Daytime urinary incontinence is a common childhood condition that can persist into adolescence, and it is associated with psychological distress, social and educational difficulties, and an increased risk of later mental disorders. The co-designed smartphone app "URApp" was developed in partnership with young people aged 10 to 18 years to support their self-management of bladder symptoms, but it is not yet used by community pediatric continence clinics to facilitate ongoing patient bladder training.