Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: An Integrative Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: The global rise in antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming bacterial tolerance and biofilm-associated infections. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their physicochemical properties and potential multimodal mechanisms of action. This integrative review aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of iron oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as their potential synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics.