Deep Learning for Root Canal Filling Quality on Panoramic Radiographs with Detection and Grading Measured Separately

Background/Objectives: The European Society of Endodontology names two filling requirements with a reproducible link to outcome: apical extent and material density. Panoramic radiography shows every treated tooth in one exposure, but systems built on it pool detection with grading into one average precision that hides which of the two has failed. This study graded both axes on panoramic radiographs with detection and discrimination measured separately.