New Perspectives on Air Pollution and Cardiac Health: from Real-Time Patient and Exposure Monitoring to Precision Cardiac Organoids

Recently, ambient particulate matter (PM) levels have significantly escalated, persisting over extended durations. This persistent elevation represents a substantial threat to public health, prompting heightened concerns regarding its health impacts and growing societal interest. Annual increases in concerns about PM-related health issues are directly correlated with rising PM concentrations. Airborne PM is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), contributing to an increased incidence of CVD-related mortality. This review provides comprehensive evidence regarding the relationship between PM exposure and CVD, with an initial focus on the physiological impact of PM on the human body, followed by a detailed explanation of its effects on various CVD. The review also discusses the latest scientific and clinical advancements in this domain, offering insights into the current academic landscape and future research directions, grounded in the authors' research experiences and an extensive review of the literature.