Isolated Metachronous Splenic Metastasis Following Discontinuation of PD-1 Inhibitor Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Rare Pattern of Late Recurrence - A Case Report

Background

Isolated splenic metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is uncommon, with only a small number of well-characterised solitary cases reported in the English-language literature. Moreover, late extrahepatic recurrence after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) discontinuation in patients achieving complete response remains poorly characterized, posing significant challenges for surveillance and management.