Age-Related Immune Response to Previous Smallpox Vaccination in Albanian Subjects and Cross-Reactivity Between Vaccinia Virus and Monkeypox Virus Antigens

Background/Objectives: Recent outbreaks of the mpox virus (MPVX) have highlighted the threat posed by the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus, which includes variola, the causative agent of smallpox. Since routine Vaccinia virus (VACV) vaccination campaigns terminated, the majority of the global population currently lacks immunity against OPXVs.

Methods