From Effectiveness to Embedding: Developing the Preliminary Mobile Vaccination Embedding Framework for Sub-Saharan African Health Systems

Background/objectives

Mobile phone-based vaccination interventions, including SMS reminders, voice calls and tracking applications, have repeatedly shown effectiveness in controlled settings across sub-Saharan Africa. Many nevertheless stop operating once project funding ends and do not become part of the routine health systems they were intended to strengthen. This study aimed to develop a preliminary evidence-informed conceptual framework explaining the multilevel conditions required to embed mobile vaccination interventions within routine immunization systems in sub-Saharan Africa.