Circulating Immune-Related Biomarkers in Egyptian Women with Early Breast Cancer: An Exploratory Case-Control Study Across IHC-Defined Clinicopathological Subgroups

Background

Breast cancer (BC) progression depends on immune dysregulation and complex interactions between tumor cells and host immune components. Soluble immune checkpoints, growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines are promising circulating biomarkers; however, their clinical relevance across IHC-defined clinicopathological subgroups in Egyptian BC patients remains poorly characterized.