Efficacy and Safety of Perioperative Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Postoperative Pain and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential and Subgroup Analyses

Objectives

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a neuromodulation technique that can serve as an adjuvant tool during the perioperative period. With emerging randomized controlled trials (RCTs) supporting its efficacy across various surgical procedures, synthesis of current evidence and evaluation of its potential for postoperative analgesia in elective-surgery patients and related outcomes are urgently needed.