Under-utilisation of demographic and social variables in the analysis of postoperative opioid use after lumbar fusion: a rapid review

Objectives

Limited research has explored how demographic and social factors affect opioid use after lumbar fusion. This review quantifies how frequently patient-level factors are reported in the literature. It also summarises findings from observational studies that use these factors to analytically evaluate how patient-level factors influence opioid use after lumbar fusion.